References

Abou, S. (1997). The metamorphosis of cultural identity: Identities, cultures and creativity. Diogenes, 13, Spring.

Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (Eds.). (1990). Social identity theory. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Agassiz, L. (1850). The diversity of origins of the human races. Christian Examiner, 49, 110-145.

Agee, W. K., Ault, P. H., & Emory, E. (1997). Introduction to mass communication (12th ed.). New York: Longman.

Alexander, J. C. (1988). Action and its environments: Towards a new synthesis. New York: Columbia University Press.

Allen, L. (2001, April). Deja vu at the National Zoo: Giant pandas again take it by storm. Smithsonian, pp. 46-55.

Altheide, D. L. (1997). The electronic place: From telepresence to co-presence. In D. E. Miller, M. A. Katovich, & S. L. Saxton (eds.), Constructing Complexity: Symbolic Interaction and Social Forms (Suppl. 3). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.

Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior. Monterrey, CA: Brooks & Cole.

Andersen, P. A. (1999). Nonverbal communication: Forms and functions. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.

Anderson, D. Y., & Hayes, C. L. (1996). Gender, identity and self-esteem: A new look at adult development. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Anderson, K. J. (1998, August). Meta-analyses of gender effects in conversational interruption: Who, what, when, where and how. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, pp. 225-253.

Andersen, P. A. & Andersen, J. F. (1984). Perspectives on nonverbal intimacy theory. In J. A. DeVito & M. L. Hecht (eds.), The nonverbal communication reader. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Andersen, P. A., & Guerrero, L. K. (Eds.). (1998). Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications and contexts. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

APA Monitor (online) (1999, September). Women as managers.

Arbib, M, & Rizzolatti, G. (1997). A possible evolutionary path from manual skills to language. Communication and Cognition, 29, 393-424.

Ardrey, R. (1966). The territorial imperative. New York: Dell Publishing Company, Inc.

Argyle, M. (1983). Bodily communication. New York: Methuen & Co.

Arliss, L. P. (1993). Contemporary family communication: Messages and meanings. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Arliss, L. P., & Borisoff, D.J. (1993). Women and men communicating: Challenges and Changes. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Armstrong, D., Stokoe, W., & Wilcox, S. (1995). Gesture and the nature of language. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Armstrong, D. (1999). Original signs: Gesture, signs and the sources of language. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

Aromachologists nose out the secret powers of smell. Insight on the News (Nov 10, 1997). P. 36-38.

Aronoff, J., & Wilson, J. B (1985). Personality in the social process. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Ashmore, R.D., & Jussim, L. (Eds)(1997). Self and identity: Fundamental issues. (Vol I). New York: Oxford University Press.

Asian Economic News (August 24, 1998). Immigrants fight for American Dream (Online).

Auther, J (Sept 14, 1999). Use of social special symbol causes New Mexico controversy. CNN (Online)

Axtell, R. E. (1991). Gestures: the do’s and taboos of body language around the world. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Azar, B. Monitor(November 2000). Hand-me-down-skills. APA Monitor. Vol 31, 10. (Online)

Ball-Rokeach, S. J., Rokeach, M., & Grube, J.W. (1984) The great American values test: Influencing behavior and belief through television. New York: Free Press.

Baker, M. A. (Ed) (1987). Studies in human performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Baltes, P., & Willis, S.L. (1982) Enhancement (plasticity) of intellectual functioning in old age: Penn State’s Adult Development and Enrichment project (ADEPT) in F.I.M.

Craik & S. Trehub (Eds) Age and cognitive processes. New York: Plenum.

Baltes, P, & Baltes, M.M.(Eds)(1990). Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bandura, A. (1982). Self efficacy mechanisms in human agency. American Psychology. 37, pp 122-147.

Baran, S.J., McIntyre, J.S., & Meyer, T. P. (1984). Signs, symbols and society: An introduction to mass communication. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Barash, D.P., & Lipton, J.E. (1997) Making sense of sex: How genes and gender influence our relationships. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Baron, R.A. (1996). Essentials of psychology. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Barot, H. B., & Fenton, S.(1999) Ethnicity, gender and social change. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Barth, F.(1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of cultural difference. Boston: Little-Brown.

Becker, H.S. & McCall, M. (Eds). (1990). Symbolic interaction and cultural studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Beeman, W.O. (1993). The anthropology of theater and spectacle. Annual Review of Anthropology. 22. 369-393.

Belenky, M.F.Clinchy, B.M., Goldbergen, N.R. & Taruk, J.M. (1986). Women’s ways of knowing: The development of self, voice and mind. New York: Basic Books.

Bellafante, G. (1999, Dec 4). Creating a Brand Image: The Mannequin is the message. New York Times Online.

Belsie, L (June 6, 1999)Aging myths. APA Monitor Online.

Bellafonte, G. (Dec 14, 1999). Creating a brand image: The mannequin is the message. New York Times On The Web.

Bem, S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press.

Bennis, W. (1995). Adventure, risk and promise. Vital Speeches, October, pp 752-755.

Benthrall, J., & Polhemus, T. (Eds) (1975). The body as a medium of expression. E.P Dutton & Co., Inc.

Berg, B.L. (1989). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (2nd edition). Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Berger, P. & Luckmann, T. (1963) The social construction of reality. New York: Doubleday.

Berger, C. R. (1997). Planning strategic interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Berne, E. (1964). Games people play: The basic book of transaction analysis. New York: Ballantine Books.

Besnier, N. (1990). Language and affect. Annual Review of American Anthropology, pp 419-451.

Birdwhistell, R. (1970). Kinesics and context. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Birdwhistell, R. (1975). Background considerations for the study of the body as a medium of expression. In J. Benthrall & T. Polhemus. The body as a medium of expression. New York: E.P. Dutton.

Blacks feel most discriminated against and whites agree (June 12, 2001) JET (online).

Blackmore, S (1990, Sept) The lure of the paranormal. New Scientist. 22, pp 62-65.

Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O.D. (1967). The American occupational structure. New York: Wiley.

Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Boden, D. (1990). The world as it happens: Ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. In. G. Ritzer, (Editor). Frontiers in social theory: The new frontier. New York: Columbia University Press. pp 185-213.

Bogart, L. (1995). Commercial culture, the media system and the public interest. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bova, B. (1998). Immortality: How science is enxtending your life span. . . and changing the world. New York: Avon Books, Inc.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books.

Braudel, F(1973) Capitalism and material life (Trans: Miriam Kochan)New York: Harper & Row.

Boyer, P.J. (Feb 16, 1986) TV turns to the hard-boiled male. New York Times pp Hl, H29.

Braxton, R.J. (1999). Culture, family and Chinese and Korean American student achievement: An examination of student factors that affect student outcomes. College Student Journal, June, pp 250-256.

Brown, B. C., & Jones, S. E. (1996). Touch attitudes and behaviors: Recollections of early childhood touch and social confidence. 17, 147.

Browne, D. W. (1996). Electronic media and indigenous people: A voice of our own. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.

Brown, J.D., Childers, K.W., Bauman, K.E., & Koch, G.g. (1990). The influence of new media and family structure on young adolescents’ television and radio use. Communication Research, 17, pp. 65-82.

Brown, J. D., Dykers, C. R., Steele, J. R., & White, A. B. (1994). Teenage room culture: Where media and identities intersect. Communication Research. 21, pp 813-828. 

Brown, L. K., & Mussell, K. (Eds). (1984) Foodways in the United States: The performance of group identity. Knoxville, Tenn: University of Tennesee Press.

Brown, M.E. (Ed)(1990). Television and women’s culture: Politics of the popular. London: Sage.

Brown, R.D. (Ed). ((1969). Slavery in American society. USA: Raytheon Education Company.

Bruneau, T. (1979). The time dimension in intercultural communication. In. L.A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds). Intercultural communication: A reader. (4th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Buck, R. (1982). Spontaneous and symbolic nonverbal behavior and the ontogeny of communication. In R.S. Feldman (Editor)., The development of nonverbal behavior in children. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Buck, R. (1984). The Communication of Emotion. New York: Guilford.

Bull, P.F. (1987). Posture and gesture. New York: Pergamon Press.

Buller, D. B., & Burgoon, J.K. (1998). Emotional expression in the deception process. In P.A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds). Handbook of communication and emotion: research, theory, applications, and contexts. pp. 379-402. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.

Burgoon, J.K., Buller, D.B., & Woodall, W. G. (1996). Nonverbal communication: The unspoken dialogue (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Burgoon, J.K., & Langer, E. (1995). Language, fallacies, and mindlessness-mindfulness. In B. R. Burleson (Ed) Communication Yearbook 18 (105-182)..Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Burke, K. (1945). A Grammar of motives.  New York: Prentice-Hall.

Burke, K. (1966). Language as symbolic action. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bushart, H.L., Craig, J.R., & Barnes, M. (1998). Soldiers of God: White supremacists and their holy war for America. New York: Kensington Books.

Buss, D.M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evaluating hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 12: 1-49.

Cain, W. S. (1990). Educating your nose. In. J.A. DeVito & M.L. Hecht (Eds)(1990) The Nonverbal communication reader. Prospect Heights, Ill: Waveland Press. pp 279-290

Campbell, J. (1964). Occidental mythology. New York: Penguin Books.

Canary, D.J., & Hause, Kans. (1993). Is there any reason to study sex differences in communication? Communication Quarterly, 41, pp. 129-144.

Canfield, A.(1975) Adult learning psychology: Implications for higher educaiion. New York: University at Buffalo Press. Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse.

Caplan, P.J., MacPherson, G.M., & Tobin, P (1985) Do sex-related differences in spatial abilities exist?: A multi-level critique of new data. American Psychologist 40, pp 786-799.

Carbaugh, D. (1996).  Situating selves: The communication of social identities in American scenes. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Carmichael, C. W. (1985). Cultural problems of the elderly. In L.A. Samovar and R.E. Porter (Eds). Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.  

Caserta, M.S. (1995, June). Health promotion and the older population: Expanding theoretical horizons. Journal of Community Health, 20, pp 283-293.

Castaneda, C. (1969). The teachings of Don Juan. New York: Ballantine Books.

Cetron, M. (1998, April). Extended life-spans. The Futurist, 32, pp. 17-24.

Chappell, M., Basso, E., DeCola, A., Hossack, J., Keebler, J., Marm, J., Reed, B., Webster, E., & Yoggev, D. (1998, Aug) Men and women holding hands: whose hand is uppermost? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, pp 127-131.

Charon, J (1995) Symbolic interaction: An introduction, an interpretation, an integration New York: Prentice-Hall.

Charness, N. ( Ed) (1985). Aging and human performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Chivers, C.J. (2001, April 2). The blues: The color line for black officers. Diversity has its limits. New York Times (Online)

Chodorow, N.J. (1989). Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and representations. Oxford: Blackwell.

Chow, E.N., Wilkinson, D., & Zinn, M. B. (Eds) (1996). Race, class and gender: Common bonds, different voices. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.

Chopra, D. (1993). Ageless body, timeless mind: The quantum alternative to growing old. New York: Harmony Books.

Clark, W.R. (1999). A means to an end: The biological basis of aging and death. New York: Oxford University Press.

Classen, C. (1997). Foundations for an anthropology of the senses: Transgressing old boundaries. International Social Science Journal.  Sept. PP 401-411.

CNN Headline News Online (Nov 24, 1999). University of Chicago Survey Report

________(Jan 16, 2000). Wired eye.

________ (December 8, 2000) Robotics

________ (June 6, 2000). Marriage survey.

________ (April 5, 2000). Report on Cubans in Miami

_________(Dec 7, 2000). Professor to wire computer chip into his nervous system.

_________(Mar 28, 2000). Short boys more likely to be held back in school.

Cohen, A. (1989). The symbolic construction of community. New York: Methuen.

Cohen, D. (1990). Being a man. Routledge.

Cohen, L. (1994), Old age: cultural and critical perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23, pp 137-158.  

Cole, J. (2000). Relations between the face and the self as revealed by neurological loss: The subjective experience of facial difference. Social Research, 67, pp 187-218.

Conville, R. L., & Rogers, E. (Eds) (1998). The meaning of relationships in interpersonal communication. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Conte, R., & Castellofranch, C. (1995). Cognitive and social action. London, England: UCCL Press, Ltd.

Cooley, C.H. (1970). Human nature and the social order. New York: Schocken Books.

Coon, D. (1994) Essentials of psychology: Exploration and application (6th edition). St. Paul, MINN: West Publishing Company.

Couch, C. (General Series Editor) (1984). Constructing complexities: Symbolic interactionism and socal forms (D E. Miller, M. A Katovich, S.L. Saxton, Editors). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Couch, C. J. (1996). Information technologies and the social order. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

Coye, M. J., & Livingston, J. (Eds) (1975). China, yesterday and tomorrow. New York: Bantam Books.

Crews, D.E. (1993). Biological anthropology and human aging: some current directions in aging research. Annual Review of Anthropology. 22, pp. 395-423.

Crystalinks (online) (Jan, 2001) China Dragons.

Danet, B., & Aycock, A. (2000). Playful expressivity and artfulness in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication. April.

Daniel, J.(1970) The poor: Aliens in an affluent society: Cross-cultural communication. In. L.A. Samovar & R. E. Porter, Intercultural communication: A reader. pp 128-135. (4th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publising Company.

Darwin, C.R. (1967 (1869). On the origin of species. New York: Atheneum.

Davis, D. K., & Baran, S.J. (1981). Mass communication and everyday life. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Davis, D.M. (1990). Portrayals of women in prime time television: Some demographic characteristics. Sex Roles, 23, 325-332.

Davis, J. (1997). The secrets of the human brain and how it works. Birch Lane Press.

Deegan, M. J. (1989). American ritual dramas: Social rules and cultural meanings. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Deegan, M. J.  (Ed) (1991). Women in sociology. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group.

Denning, P.J. (Ed) (1999). Talking back to the machine: Computers and human aspirations. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Denzin, N.K. (1971). The logic of naturalistic inquiry. Social Forces, 50, pp. 166-82.

Denzin, N.K. (1972). The genesis of self in early childhood. Sociological Quarterly.  13. pp. 291-314.

Denzin, N. K. (1997, Series Ed). Studies in symbolic interaction. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, INC.

Desmond, J.C. (1999). Staging tourism: Bodies on display from Waikiki to Sea world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

DeVito, J. A. (1997). Human communication: The basic course (7th edition). New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers.

DeVito, J.A. & Hecht, M.L. The nonverbal communication reader. Prospect Heights, ILL: Waveland Press.

Dewey, J. (1922). Human nature and conduct. New York: Modern Library.

Domhoff, G. W. (1996). Finding meaning in dreams: A quantitative approach. New York: Plenum Press.

Doyle, J.A. (1989). The male experience. (2nd edition). Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown.

Duck, S. W. (1992). Human relationships.(2nd edition). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Duncan, H. D. (1968). Symbols in society. London, England: Oxford University Press.

Dunham, P. J., Moore, C. (Eds) (1995). Joint attention: Its origins and role in development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dyson, A.H. (1996, Fall). Cultural constellations and childhood identities: on Greek gods, cartoon heroes and the social lives of chidren. Harvard Eduational Review. 66, pp 471-496.

Dytchwald, K, & Floer, J. (1989). Age wave: The challenges and opportunities of an aging population in North America. Los Angeles, CA: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc.

Eakins, B.W., & Eakins, R.G. (1978) Sex differences in human communication. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.

Eibl-Eibestadt, I. (1975). Ethology: The biology of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Eibl-Eibestadt, I (1979) Universals in human expressive behavior. In A. Wolfgang (Ed). Nonverbal behavior, applications and cultural implications. New York: Academic Press.

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W.V. (1969). Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry. , 32, pp 88-106.

Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V. & Ellsworth, P. (1972). Emotion in the human face. New York: Pergamon.

Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Ekman, P. & Oster, H. (1979). Facial expression of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology. 30, pp 527-554.

Ellen, R.F. (1984). Ethnograph research. New York: Academic Press.

Ellis, D. G. (1999). Crafting society: Ethnicity, class, and communication theory. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Ellul, J (1964). The technological society. New York: Alfred & Knopf

Ellul, J. (1973). The formation of men’s attitudes. New York: Vintage.

Employees perceive women as better managers. Study finds (Sept 8. 1999). APA Monitor Online. Vol. 30, 8.

Elster, J. (1986). The multiple self. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton.

Erikson, E.H. (1985). The life cycle completed: A review. New York: Norton.

Fagot, B.I. (1984). Teacher and peer reactions to boys’ and girls’ play styles. Sex Roles 11, pp 691-702.

Farnell, B. (Ed). (1995). Human action signs in cultural context: The visible and the invisible in movement and dance. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Fast, J. (1970). Body language. New York: M. Evans.

Faules, D., & Alexander, D. (1978) Communication and symbolic interactionism. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice in self image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Perssonality and Social Psychology. (73), 31-44.

Feldman, R. S. (1992) Applications of nonverbal behavior: Theory and research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Filler, L. (1960). The crusade against slavery 1830-1869. New York: Harper & Rowe.

Fine, G. A. (1990). Symbolic interactionism in a post-Blumerian world: the new syntheses. in G. Ritzer (Ed), Frontiers of social theory (pp. 117-157). New York: Columbia University Press.

Finerty, A. (July 16, 2000). How race is lived. New York Times (Online)

Firmat, P. G. (1994). Life on the hyphen: The Cuban-American way. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

Fisher, S. (1986). Development and structure of the human body image. (Vol. 1). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Fitzgerald, T.K. (1993). Metaphors of identity: A culture-communication dialogue. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Fontant, D. (1993). The secret language of symbols: A visual key to symbols and their meaning. San Francisco, Calif: Chronicle Books.

Fortas, J. (1995). Cultural theory and late modernity. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.

Freedle, R.O.(Ed) (1996). Advances in discourse processes. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Company.

Friend, Tim (2000, April, Wed, 19). Giving voice to a theory. USA Today( Online).

Gackenbach, J. (Ed) (1998). Psychology and the internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal and transpersonal implications. New York: Academic Press.

Gage, J. (1999). Color and meaning: Art, science and symbolism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Gahagan, J. Herriot, P. (Eds) (1984). Social interaction and its management: new essential psychology. New York: Methuen.

Gallagher, W. (1993). The power of place: How our surroundings shape our thoughts, emotions and actions.New York: Simon & Schuster.

Gates, A. (2000, April 9). Men on TV: Dumb as posts and proud of it. New York Times (Online)

Gecas, V. (1982). The self concept. Annual review of sociology. 8. pp. 1-33.

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signiorelli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. In. J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds). Perspectives on media effects. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Gergen. K. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York: Basic Books.

Ghioto, G. (January, 2000). Mining the sacred mountains. The Environmental Magazine. (Online)

Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity. Cambridge England: Polity Press.

Gilbert, A.N., & Wysocki, C.J. (Oct, 1987). The international smell survey. National Geographic Magazine, 172, pp 514-526.

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Gilligan, C., Ward, J.V., Taylor, J.M. & Bardige, B. (Eds). (1988). Mapping the moral domain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Gilmore, D. (1990). Manhood in the making. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Gilroy, P. (1996). Meaning without words: Philosophy and nonverbal communication. Brookfield, Mass: Avebury.

Gitlin, T. (1983). Inside prime time. New York: Pantheon Books.

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual. Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Random House.

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. New York: Harper & Row.

Gonzales-Pando, M (1998). The new Americans: The Cuban Americans. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.

Gonzales, A., & Zimbardo, P.G. (1990). Time in perspective in DeVito, A.D. & Hecht, M.L.(Eds)(1990). The nonverbal communication reader. Prospect Heights, Ill: Waveland Press. pp 312-321.

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.

Good, E. (2002, Feb. 20). Samson diagnosis: Antisocial personality disorder, with muscles. New York Times (Online).

Gottman, J (1979). Marital interaction. New York: Academic Press.

Gould, S. J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Grammer, K.S., Kiruck, K.B., Magnusson, M.S. (1998). The courtship dance: patterns of nonverbal synchronization in opposite sex encounters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. Spring pp 3-30.

Grant, L. (2000). Taming technology: Shape of things to come; shape of things to come. USA Today, June 27. (Online)

Green, E.J., Hulse, K., & Mowsfield, M (1999). Generalization across olfactory and visual sensory modes. Wheeler Center for Odor research, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga.

Griffin, J.H. (1961). Black like me. New York: Signet Books.

Grodin, D.A., & Lindlof, T.R. (1996). Constructing the self in a mediated world. In K. Gergen & J. Shotter (Eds). Inquiries in Social Construction. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.

Gross, R. A. (1976). Minutemen and their world. New York: Hill & Wang.

Grossberg, L., Wartella, E., & Whitney, D. C. (1998). Media-Making: Mass media in a popular culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y.Y. (1992). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. (2nd edition). New York: Random House.

Gudykunst, W.B. (1997). Cultural variability in communication. Communication Research. August, pp 327-347.  

Gunby, P (1996, July) Gerontology researchers look to the millenium. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, p 12.

Gupta, M. A., & Schork, N.J. (1995). Touch deprivation has an adverse effect on body image: Some preliminary assessments. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, pp 185-190.

Hacker, A. (1992). Two nations, black and white, separate, hostile, unequal. New York: Ballantine Books.

Hall, E.T. (1966). The hidden dimension. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

_________ (1973 (1959). The silent language. Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday.

Hall, J.A. (1985). Male and female nonverbal behavior. In A.W. Siegman & S. Feldstein (Eds). Multichannel integrations of nonverbal behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hall, J.A. (1996, Spring). Touch, status, and gender at professional meetings. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 20, pp 23-45.

Hall, P. M. (1981). Structuring symbolic interaction: Communication and power. Communication Yearbook. 4, pp. 49-60.

Hargie, O.D. W. (1986). The Handbook of communication skills. (2nd edition). New York: Routledge.

Hargreaves, D.J., & Colley, A. M.(Eds) (1987). The psychology of sex roles. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co.

Harre, R (1991). Physical being: A theory for a corporeal psychology. USA: Cambridge.

Harris, H. W., Blue, H. C., & Griffith, E. H. (Eds) (1995). Racial and ethnic identity: Psychological deelopment and creative expression. New York: Routledge.

Haslett, B.H., & Samter, W. (1997). Children communicating: The first five years. Nahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J.T., & Rapson (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hayashi , R. Cognition, empathy and interaction: Floor management of English and Japanese conversations.(pages 228-242) in R.O. Freedle (Ed) Advances in discourse processes. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.

Hecht, M.L, & DeVito, J. A. (1990). Perspectives on nonverbal communication: The how, what and why of nonverbal communication. In M.L. Hecht and J.A. DeVito, The nonverbal communication reader. Prospect Heights, ILL: Waveland Press. pp 3-17.

Hecht, M.L., & DeVito, J.A. (1990). The nonverbal communication reader. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.

Heinberg, P (1964) Voice training for speaking and reading aloud. New York: Ronald Press.

Helmuth, L. (1999). Neural teamwork may compensate for aging. Science News. April, p 247.

Hendricks, J., & Hendricks, CS (1986). Aging in mass society: Myths and realities, 3rd edition Boston, Mass: Little, Brown & Company.

Herring, S. C. (Ed) (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Co.

Hess, E.H. (1975). The role of pupil size in communication. Scientific American. 233, 110-119.  

Hewitt, J P.C. (1999). Self and society: A symbolic interactionist social psychology. Needham Heights, Mass: Allyn & Bacon.

Hinnells, J R. (Ed) (1997). A new handbook of living religions. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell.

Hodge, R & Kress, G. (1988). Social semiotics. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Holland, J., & Adkins, L. (Eds) (1996). Sex, sensibility and the gendered body. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Horvitz, L.A., (1997, Nov 10). Aromachologists nose out the secret powers of smell. Insight on the News, 13, pp 36-38.

Houseman, M (1998) Painful encounters: Ritual encounters with one’s homelands. Journal of the Royal Anthropology Institute, 4, pp 447-468.

Howard, J. A., & Hollander, J. A. (Eds) (1996). Gendered situations, gendered selves: A gender lens on social psychology. New York: Bowman and Littlefield.

Hull, J. (1992). Touching the rock: An experience of blindness. New York: Random House.

Hutchby, I., & Moran, E. (1998). Children and social competence: Arenas of action. London, England: Falmer Press.

Immigrants fight for “American dream” in New York. (1998, August 24). Asian Economic News. (on-line).

Innis, H. (1951). The bias of communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1998). Why people gesture when they speak. Nature, Nov 19, p.1.

Izard. C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.

Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotions-cognitions relations. Psychological Review, 99, 561-565.

Izpisua, J. C. (1999). How the body tells the left from the right. Scientific American, June, p. 46.

Jacobs, B. A. (1999). Race manners: Navigating the minefield between black and white Americans. New York: Arcade Publishers.

James, W. (1915). Psychology. New York: Rinehart & Winston.

Jankowiak, W. R., Hill, E. M., & Donovan, J. M. (1992). The effects of sexual orientation on attractiveness judgements: an evolutionary interpretation. Ethology and Sociobiology 13, pp 73-85.

Jones, D. (1996). Physical attractiveness and the theory of sexual selection. Lansing, Michigan: Regents of the University of Michigan.

Jones, E. E. (1964). Ingratiation. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Jones, E. E. (1990). Interpersonal perception. New York: W.H. Freeman.

Jones, S. E. (1994). The right touch: Understanding and using the language of physical contact. Cresshill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Jones, A. (2000, June 21). No ordinary experience. National Catholic Reporter. (Online)

Jones, S. (Ed) (1995). Cybersociety: computer-mediated communication and community. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.

Jones, S. E., & Brown, B.C. (1996). Touch attitudes and touch behaviors: Recollections of early childhod touch and social self-confidence. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 20, pp147-163.

Jourard, S.M. (1966). An exploratory study of body accessibility. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5 pp 221-231..

Jung, J. (1995). Unbound feet: A social history of Chinese women in San Francisco. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.

Kerbo, H. R. (1983). Social stratification and inequality: Class conflict in the United States. Boston, Mass: McGraw Hill.

Key, M.R. (Ed) (1980). The relationship of verbal and nonverbal communication. New York: Mouton.

Key, W.B. (1973). Subliminal seduction: Ad media’s manipulation of a not so innocent America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Kidd, C. (Mar, 2001). British identities before nationalism: Ethnicity and nationhood in the Atlantic world, 1600-1800. English Historical Review, February, p 152.

Kim, K. (1996). Caged in our own signs. In R.O. Freedle (Ed). Advances in discourse processes. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Kimura, D. (1985, Nov) Male brain, Female Brain: The hidden difference. Psychology Today pp 50-58.

Kincaid, D.L. (Ed). (1987). Communication theory: Eastern and Western perspectives. New York: Academic Press.

Kitchin, R. (1998). Cyberspace: The world in the wires. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Kluckhohn, C. (1944). Navajo Witchcraft. Boston: Beacon Press.

Kluckhohn, C. (1965). Mirror for man. New York: Premier Books.

Knapp, M.L., & Hall, J.A (1992). Nonverbal communication in human interaction (3rd edition). New York: Holt, Rinehard & Winston.

Knapp, M.L., & Vangelisti, A. (1992). Interpersonal communication and human relationships. Boston, Mass: Allyn & Bacon.

Kochman, T. (1988). Black style in communication. In L.A. Samovar and R.E. Porter (Eds). Intercultural communication (5th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. PP 130-138.

Kohn, M. (Dec, 1996). I’m in the green banana gang: Curtailing ethnic conflict. New Statesmen. 126, p 12.

Kotthoff, H., & Wodak, R (Editors)(1997). Communication of gender in context. Amsterdam, Pa: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Kovacic, B. (1997). (Ed) Emerging theories of human communication. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Kozar, S. (2000, April 17) Enduring traditions, ethereal transmissions: Recreating Chinese new year celebrations on the internet. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication (Online).

LaFerla, R. (May 5, 2001). Perfect model: Georgeous, no complaints, made of pixels. New York Times Online.

LaFrance, M. (2,000, Jan. 26). The psychology of bad hairDays. CNN (Online)

Lamont, M., Fournier, Marcel, & Gans, H.F. (Eds) (1993). Cultivating differences: Symbolic boundaries and the making of inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Langer, S. K. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.

Larson, C. U. (1983). Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility. (3rd edition). Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth.

Laslett, P (1991). A fresh map of life: The emergence of the third age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Latane, B (1996, Fall), Dynamic social impact: The creation of culture by communication. Journal of Communication, 46,pp13-26.

Layder, D. (1994). Understanding social theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Layng, A. (2000, July). American Indians: Trading old stereotypes for new.  USA Today. 

Lazarus, E in Samovar L.A., & Porter, R.E. (1985)( 4th edition). Poem cited on page 128.

Leary, M. R., (1996). Self presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. Boulder, Co: Westview Press.

Leathers, D. G. (1978). Nonverbal communication systems. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Lebow, I. (1995). Information highways and byways: From the telegraph to the 20th century. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press.

LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Lee, J.A. (1988). Lovestyles in R.J. Sternberg & M.L. Barnes (Eds). The psychology of love. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp 38-67.

Lee, J. (1997). Performing racial America: Race and ethnicity on the contemporary stage. Philadelphia, Pa: Temple University Press.

Leeds-Hurwitz, W.L. (1993). Semiotics and communication: Signs, codes, and gestures. Hillsdale, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lefkowitz, L.D., Tron, L.D., Walder, L.O., & Huesman, I.R. (1972). Television violence and child aggression: A follow-up study. In G. A. Comstock & E. A. Rubinstein (Eds). Television and social behavior (Vol. 3). Washington, DC: United States Printing Office.

Levy, J. E. (1998). In the beginning: The Navajo Genesis. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.

Levy, M. R. (1978). Television news uses: A cross-national comparison. Journalism Monographs 55  April..

Lips, H. M., & Colwill, N.L.(1978) The psychology of sex differences. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Lock, M. (1993). Cultivating the body: Anthropology and epistemologies of bodily practice and knowledge. American Review of Anthropology, 22, pp 133-135.  

Longmore, M. A. (1998). Symbolic interactionism and the study of sexuality: The use of theory in research and scholarship on sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, Feb, pp 44-57.

Lutfiyya, N. W. (1987). The social construction of context through play. University Press of America.

McAdams, D.P, & de St. Aubin, E. (1998). Generativity and adult development: How and why we care for the next generation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg Galaxy: The making of typographic man. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press.

McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. A Signet Book.

Maas, H.S. (1984). People and contexts: Social development from birth to old age. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Maccoby, E.E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up and apart, coming together. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

MacKinnon, N. J. (1994). Symbolic interactionism as affect control. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

MacLeod, J. Ain’t no makin’ it: Leveled aspirations in a low-income neighborhood. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.

Mahl, G.F. (1987). Explorations in nonverbal and vocal behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Maine, S., & Adoni, H. (1984). Media and the social construction of reality: Toward an integration of theory and research. Communication Research, 11, pp, 323-340.

Marklein, M. B. (May 17, 2000). Life-long learning. USA Today Online.

Marshall, L.L., & Vitanza, S. A.(1994). Physical abuse in close relationships: Myths and realities. In A. L. Weber & Harvey, J.H. (Eds). Perspectives on close relationships. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Martin, C. (1978). Keepers of the game: Indian-- animals relationships to the fur trade. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Martin, W. J. (1995). The global information society. Brookfield, VT: Aslib Gower.

Masters, R., & Houston, J. (1978). Listening to the body: The psycho-physical way to health and awareness. New York: Delacourt Press.

Mead, G.H. (1925). The genesis of the self and social control. International Journal of Ethics.  35. pp. 251-277.

Mead, G.H. (1938). The philosophy of the act. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mead, M (1935). Sex and temperament in three primitive societies New York: Morrow.

Mehrabian, A. (1981). Silent messages: Implicit communication of emotions and attitudes. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Mellor, D.H. (Editor) (1990). Ways of communicating.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meltzer, B. N. (1972). The social psychology of George Herbert Mead. Kalamazoo, Mich: Center for Sociological Research.

Merrell, F. (1998). Sensing semiosis: Toward the possibility of complementary cultural “logics”. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Messer, D. L. (1994). The development of communication from social interaction to language. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No sense of place. New York: Oxford University Press.

Miller, D. E., Katovich, M.A. , & Saxton, S. L. (Eds). (1997). Constructing complexity: symbolic interaction and social forms. (Supplement #3). Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, Inc.

Molloy, B.L. (1998). Body image and self esteem: A comparison of black females and caucasian women. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. 38, pp 631- 644.

Montagu, A. (1971). Touching: The human significance of the skin. New York: Harper & Row.

Moore, C., & Dunham, P.J. (Eds) (1995) Joint attention: Its origins and role in development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates

Morris, D. (1992). Babywatching. New York: Crown Publishers.

Morris, D. (1985). Bodywatching. New York: Crown.

Morris, D. (1994). Bodytalk: The meaning of human gestures. New York: Crown.

Moss, K & Kidd, J (May 20, 2000). Anexoria and bulimia. USA Today Online.

Mossk, M.A. (Ed) (1997). Media Research: Technology, art and communication. Amsterdam, NETH: Overseas Publishers Assoc.

Mowland, H. (1996). Global communication in transition: The end of diversity? Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.

Moteko, A. K., & Greenberg, S. (1995). Reframing dependence in old age: A positive transition for families. Social Work, 9, p. 382.

Mulac, A., Ludell, T., & Bradac, J (1986). Male/female language: Different attributional consequences in a public setting. Communication Monographs, 53, pp 115-129.

Nagel, J. (1996). American Indian ethnic renewal: Red power and the resurgency of identiy and culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

National Public Radio (March 25, 1997). All things considered. October 1987, Vol 17 # 4

New York Times Online(March 14, 2000) A natural history of rape: biological bases of sexual coercion (Reviewing Thornkill and Palmer’s book)

____________ (Feb 1, 2001).  Research suggests great conductors can tune in.

___________ (March 26, 2001). Women are close to being a majority of law students (Online)

Nussbaum, J.F. (Ed) (1989). Life span communicative: Normative processes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Nye, F.I., & Berardo, F.M. (1973). People and contexts: Social development from birth to old age. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

O’Bryan, (1956). The Dine: origin myths of the Navajo indians. Washington, DC: United States Goverment Printing Office.

Ogbu, J.U. (1978). Minority education and the caste: American education in cross-cultural perspective. New York: Academic Press.

Olzak, S & Nagel, J (Ed)(1986). Competitive ethnic relations.  New York: Academic Press.

Ong, W. (1982). Orality and literacy. New York: Methuen

Orbe, M. P. (1998). Constructing co-cultural theory: An explication of culture, power and communication.  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Orenstein, R. (1987). Multimind. London: MacMillan.

Packard, S. (1995). Living on the front line: A social anthropological study of old age and ageing. Brookfield, Vt: Ashgate Publishing Company.

Padilla, A.M. (Ed) (1980). Acculturation: Theory, models and some new findings. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Page, J. (1992, Dec). Symbolizing the future: towards a futures’ iconography. Futures, 24, pp 1056-1064.

Papalia, D.E., Olds, W. W. & Feldman, R.D.(1998). Human development (7th edition).Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.

Pastalan, L. A., & Carson, D. H. (Eds). (1970). The spatial behavior of older people. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan.

Paxman, A. (1998, June 8). Cafe nostalgia: Little Havana, Miami, Florida. Variety.

Pearson, J.C. Gender and communication: Sex is more than a 3 letter word. In L.A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds). Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Publishing Company. pp 154-162.

Perelman, M. (1998). Class warfare in the information age. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Perinbanayagam, R. S. (1985). Signifying acts, structure and meaning in everyday life. Carbondale, Ill: Southern Illinois University Press.

Persell, C. H. (1987). Understanding society: An introduction to sociology. New York: Harper and Row.

Peterson, W. (1997). Ethnicity counts. Transaction Publishers.

Pittam, J. (1994). Voice in social interaction: An interdisciplinary approach. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.

Planalp, S. (1999). Communicating emotion: Social, Moral and cultural processes. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Postman, N (1985). Amusing ourselves to death: public discourse in the age of show business. New York: Viking.

Potter, N. (2000, March 3). Conversing with parrots. New York Times.

Preuschoft, S. (2000, Spring). Primate faces and facial expressions. Social Research.

Prus, R. (1996). Symbolic interaction and ethnographic research. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Prus, R., & Scott, M. (1999). Beyond the power mystique: Power as intersubjective accomplishment. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Pujol, E. (2000, Spring). Notes on obsessive whiteness: Ethnic identities of whites. Art Journal.

Rakow, L.F. (1986). Rethinking gender research in communication.  Journal of Communication.  36. p. 11-26.

Rather, D. (Feb 27/01). CBS Evening News.

Ray, D. (2000, March 20). Miami’s thriving Little Havana. Cuban immigrants. Insight on the News.(Online)

Reid, M.A. (1997). Postnegritude visual and literary culture. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Remland, M.S., Jones, T.S., & Brinkman, H. (1995). Interpersonal distance, body orientation and touch: Effects of culture, gender and age. Journal of Social Psychology, 17, pp 281-297.

Rheingold, H. (1991) Virtual reality. New York: Simon and Schuster

Richmond, V.P., & McCroskey, J.C. (1992). Nonverbal behavior in interpersonal relations (3rd edition). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Riggio, R.E. (1986). Assessment of basic social skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, pp 649-660.

Ritzer, G. (Ed) (1990). Frontiers in social theory: The new frontier. New York: Columbia University Press.

________ (1990) Micro-macro linkages in sociological theory: Applying a metatheoretical model. (pp 347-370) in G. Ritzer (Ed) (1990). Frontiers in social theory. New York: Columbia University Press.

Rogers, L.E., & Shoemaker, F.F. (1971). Communication of innovations: A cross-cultural approach. New York: The Free Press.

Romney, A.K., Boyd, H,O,  Moore, C.C., Batchelder, W.H., & Brazill, T.J. (1996), May 14). Culture as shared cognitive representations. Proceedings of the National Academiy of Sciences of the United States, 93, pp 4699-4705.

Rowan, C. T. (1996). The coming race war in America: A wake-up call. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown & Company.

Rubin, Z. (1980). Children’s friendship. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Rubin, L. (1965). Just friends: The role of friendship in our lives. New York: Harper & Row.

Ruddick, S. (1989). Maternal thinking: Towards a politics of peace.London: The Women’s Press.

Russell, J.A., & Fernandez-Dols, J.M. (Eds) (1997). The psychology of facial expression. England: Cambridge University Press.

Ruthof, H. (2000). The body in language. New York: Cassell

Sagan, C. (1977). The dragons of Eden. New York: Ballantine Books.

Samovar, L.A., & Porter, R.E. (1988). Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Santos-Grarero, F.(1998, May). Writing history into the landscape: Space, myth and ritual in contemporary Amazonia. 25, pp 128-130.

Sapir, E. (1928). The unconscious patterning of human behavior in society. In E. S. Dummer (Ed). The unconscious.  pp 114-142. New York: Knopf.

Sarbaugh, L.E.(1979) Intercultural communication. New Rochelle, NY: Hayden Book Co.

Sassoon, R., & Gaur, A. (1997). Signs, symbols and icons: Pre-history to the computer age. Exeter, England: Intellect Books.

Scheflen, A.E. (1965). Quaisi-courtship behavior in psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 28, 245-257.

Schegloff, E. A. (1986). The routine as achievement. Human Studies 9 pp 111-112.

Scherer, K. R., & Ekman, P. (1982) Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior and research. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Schiebingen, L. (1993). Nature’s body: Gender in the making of modern science. New York: Beacon Press.

Schmitt, E. (2001, April). United States now more diverse, ethnically and racially. New York Times,(Online).

Schramm, W. (1988). The story of human communication: Cave painting to microchip. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

Schwarz, N, Park, D.C, Knauper, B., & Sudman, S. (Editors) (1999). Cognition, aging and self reports. Philadelphia, Pa: Psychology Press.

Schwartz, S.K. (1999, Dec. 28). Retrofit/Future-fit your home. CNN. (Online)

Searle, J. (1995). The construction of social reality. New York: Free Press.

Segerberg, O., Jr. (1982). Living to be 100: 1200 who did it and how they did it. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons  

Segrin, C (1998). Interpersonal communication problem associated with depression and loneliness in P.A. anderson and L.K. Guerrero (Eds) Handbook of communication and emotion. San Diego: Academic Press. pp 215-242.

Severin, W.J., & Tankard, J.W. (1997). Communication theories, origins, methods and uses in mass media. New York: Longman.

Shanti, M. (1999). Immortal cells. Discover, June.

Sheehy, G. (1998). Understanding men’s passages: Discovering the new map of men’s lives. New York: Random House.

Sheldon, W. N. (1940). The varieties of human physique. New York: Harper.

Sinnot, J.D. & Cavanaugh, J.C. (Eds) (1991). Bridging paradigms: Positive development in adulthood and cognitive aging. Westbrook, Conn: Praeger Press.

Smith, J. F., & Kvasnicka, R.M. (1976). Indian-white relations, a persistent paradox. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Smith, S. (1992). Gender thinking. Philadelphia, Pa: Temple University Press.

Snyderman, N. (2001, Jan 24). Is Timing Everything? ABC Morning News.

Sommer, R. (1969). Personal space. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

__________(1974). Tight spaces: hard architectures and how to humanize it. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Soucie, R.M. (1979). Common misconceptions about nonverbal communication: Implications for training. In A. Wolfgang (Ed). Nonverbal behavior: Applications and cultural implications. New York: Academic Press.

Sowell, T. (1998). Conquests and cultures: An international History. New York: Basic Books.

Steinhorn, L., & Diggs-Brown, B. (1999). The color of our skin: The illusion of interpretation and the reality of race. New York: Penguin Press.

Stevens, A. (1995). Private myths. Britain: Hamish Hamilton, Ltd.

Stewart, J. (1982). Bridges, not walls: A book about interpersonal communication. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Stewart, L. P, Cooper, P., & Friedly, S. A (1986). Communication between the sexes: Sex differences and sex role differences. Scottsdale, Ariz: Gorsuch, Scarisbick Publishers.

Stevens, A. (1998). Ariadne’s clue: A guide to the symbols of humankind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Stipek, D. (1998, Sept.). Differences between Americans and Chinese in the circumstances evoking pride, shame and guilt. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, pp 616-680.

Strecker, I (1988). The social practice of symbolization: An anthropological analysis. New York: Athlone Press.

Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

Stryker, S. (1981). Symbolic interaction: Themes and variations. In M. Rosenberg and R. Turner (Eds). Social Psychology. New York: Basic Books.

Symonds, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.

Szanto, B. (1991, August). Man’s world of symbol. World Futures, 32, pp 1-15.

Takaki, R. (1993). A different mirror: A history of multicultural America.New York: Little, Brown and Company.

Tamir, L.M. (1979). Communication and the aging process: Interaction throughout the life-cycle. New York: Pergamon Press.

Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: William Morrow.

Tart, C.T. (1989). Open mind, discriminating mind: Reflections on human possibilities. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

Tavris, C. (1992). The mismeasure of woman: Why women are not the better sex, the inferior sex, or the opposite sex. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Ting-Toomey, S. (Ed) (1994). The challenge of facework: Cross-cultural and interpersonal issues. Albany, NY: State University of New Press.

Tourraine, A. (1985) (Trans: Myrna Godzich) The return of the actor: Social theory in a postindustrial society. Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota Press.

Trethewey, A. (1999). Disciplined bodies: Women’s embodied identities at work. Organization Studies, Summer, 20, p 423-436.

Tulving, E., & Thomson, D.M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80. pp 359-380.

Turnbull, C. M. (1962). The lonely African. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Turner, L.H., & Sterk, H.M. (1994) Differences that make a difference: Examining the assumptions in gender research. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.

Turner, V. (1967). The forest of symbols: Aspects of Ndembu ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Turner, V. (1986). The anthropology of performance. New York: PAJ Publications

Turow, J. (1997). Media systems in society: Understanding industries, strategies and power. (2nd edition). New York: Longman.

USA Today (Jan 3, 1999).  Seasonal Affective Disorder

__________(Magazine) (July 14, 2000) Mutants.

__________(Online)(July 24, 2000). Employment in the Silicon Valley.

__________(Magazine) (July 24, 2000). Old Native American stereotypes for new.

Vallacher, R.A., & Wegner, D.M. (1985). A theory of action identification. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Valli, E. (1998, June). The golden harvest of the Raji. National Geographic, pp 84-105.

Valsiner, J. (1997). Culture and the development of children’s actions: A theory of human development, (2nd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Vernon, G. (1978). Symbolic aspects of interaction. Washington, DC: University Press of America.

Vlahos, O. (1979). Body, the ultimate symbol: Meanings of the human body through time and place. New York: J.B.Lippincott.

Waller, J. (1998). Face to face: The changing face of racism across America. New York: Plenum Press.

Warriner, C.K. (1970) The emergence of society. Homewood, Ill: Dorsey Press.

Warshofsky, F. (1999). The Methusalehs. Modern Maturity. Nov-Dec.

Watzlawick, P.J., Beavin, J., & Jackson, D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies and paradoxes. New York: W. W. Norton.

Webbink, P. (1986). The power of the eyes. New York: Springer-Verlag Publishing Co.

Weber, A. L., & Harvey, J. H. (Eds) (1994). Perspectives on close relationships. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Weber, M. (1958). The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Macmillan.

Weigert. A. (1986). Society and identity: Toward a sociology psychology. London, England: Cambridge University Press.

Weigert, A. (1997). The sociology of everyday life. New York: Longman.

Weinberg, A.K. (1963). Manifest destiny: A study of nationalist expansionism in American history. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.

Weingarten, R. H. (1962). Experience and culture: The philosophy of George Simmel. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press.

Whitmore, E. J. (1982). Media America. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Publishers.

Wilkins, B.M., & Andersen, P.A. (1991). Gender differences and similarities in management communication: A meta-analysis. Management Communication Quarterly. 5, pp. 49-55.

Wilson, E.O. (1992). The Diversity of Life. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press.

Wired Magazine Online ((Feb 26, 2000). Cyborgs and Donna Haraway.

Wolkomir, R., & Wolkomir, J. (2000). Reading the messages in everyday life. Smithsonian, April. pp. 74-81.

_________________________(2001, April). Smithsonian Journeys: Living a tradition. Smithsonian.

Wolpoff, R, & Caspari, R(1997 ) Race and human evolution: A fatal attraction. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Wood, J (1992). Spinning the symbolic web: Human communication as symbolic interaction. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.

Wood, J.T.(1994) Gendered lives: Communication, gender and culture. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Wood, J. T. (1995). Relational communication: Continuity and change in personal relationships. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Wooley, S.C., & Wooley, O.W. (1984, Feb) Feeling fat in a thin society. Glamour, pp 198-252.

Worth, S., & Adair, J. (1997). Through Navajo eyes. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

Wywicka, W. (1996). Imitation in human behavior. New Brunswick, NH: Transaction Publishers.

Yung, J. (1995). Unbound feet: The social history of women in San Francisco Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Zadra, A.L., Nielsen, T.A., & Doneri, D.C. (1998, Dec). The prevalence of auditory, olfactory and gustatory experiences in dreams.Perceptual and Motor Skills v. 8713 p. 819-917.

Zaidel,  D. W. (Editor) (1994). Neuropsychology.  New York: Academic Press.